Two or more civilizations are present in the story, each being a simplified version of a real ideology.
Karhide is a "family quarrel" of loosely-affiliated regions, though it does have a king. The language used to describe Karhide is very sensory and concrete. Orgoreyn at first seems like an organized, centralized progressive democracy but is revealed to be an authoritarian state. The language used to describe Orgoreyn tends to be immaterial, dreamlike, disconnected.
Annares represents an anarchist/communist society and Uras represents an authoritarian/capitalist society.